Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Elliott Lira Solutions Manual.rar Online Chemical Engineer Full Text Available In the last decade of the millennium, much effort in the field of petroleum engineering has been made to increase the conversion efficiency of modern oil fields in order to meet the increasing demand for petroleum resources in the future. One of the most important challenges facing the contemporary oil field industry is the issue of high heat loss during waterflooding operations. This is owing to the high amount of heat generated during the process of waterflooding and the fact that this water is injected into the porous media at a high flow rate. Heat loss must be dealt with in order to increase the effectiveness of waterflooding which in turn will lead to an increased oil recovery. As a result of this, heating methods are currently investigated to reduce the amount of heat loss during waterflooding operations, which include the use of heaters to heat the injected water and the use of strip heaters to generate the required heat. In this thesis, phase change heaters were investigated as a means of generating heat for use during waterflooding operations, with a view to reducing the heat loss from the process. Phase change heaters exploit the latent heat of a fluid in its supercooled state to produce thermal energy. Heating fluids with these phase change heaters is carried out by decreasing the temperature of the heating fluids. After cooling, the heating fluid will be in its superheated state. The latent heat is released during this process and it is used to heat the waterflooding process. This research provides an overview of the design, analysis and performance of phase change heaters for use in fluid heating applications. The investigation began by developing a mathematical model of the thermal regime of a phase change heater. Experimental work was then carried out in order to establish a boundary value problem for a thermally graded phase change heater based on a 40 mm diameter encapsulated strip heater with a steady-state operating regime. Experimental results were then analysed and used to determine the optimum dimension for a thermally graded phase change heater with a restricted operating regime. A numerical and experimental methodology was then developed for analysing the performance of a thermally graded phase change heater with a limited operating regime. Heat transfer to and from the supercooled heating fluid was investigated by using a circular diffuse interface model as well as a two-fluid model. This model predicted the temperature distribution and the temperature-time history of the heating fluid. The temperature of the heated water was also measured in experiments. 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